Every field has its acronyms, machine learning does not avoid this rule. I am not a big fan of heavy acronyms usage, but if you happen to be lost in the middle of meeting, this may help!
Below is a list of acronyms, if I missed any, or if you have nice references regarding each topic, feel free to comment, I will do my best to keep this list as up-to-date as possible!
AE Auto encoder
ANN Artificial Neural Network
API Application Programming Interface
ARD Automatic Relevance Determination
ASR Automatic Speech Recognition ASR
BPTT Back Propagation Through Time
BPTS Back Propagation Through Structure
BNN Binary Neural Net
COCO Common Objects in Context
CPPN Compositional Pattern-Producing Network
CTC Connectionist Temporal Classification
CNN Convolutional Neural network
DBN Deep Belief Network
DCGAN deep convolutional generative adversarial networks
DNN Deep Neural Network
DT Decision tree
EBM Energy Based Model
ESP Enforced SubPopulations
ELU Exponential Linear Unit
GAN Generative Adversarial Network
GBM Gradient Boosting Machine
GMM Gaussian Mixture Model
GRU Gated Recurrent Unit GRU
HMM Hidden Markov Model
NB Naive Bayes
NN Neural Network
KPCA Kernel Principal Component Analysis
KSVM Kernel Support Vector Machine
GA Genetic algorithm GA
HTM Heirarchal temporal memory
HMM Hidden Markov Model
HAM Hierarchical Attentive Memory
KNN k-Nearest Neighbors
LOOCV Leave one out cross validation
LReLU Leaky ReLU
LTU Linear Threshold Unit
LSTM Long Short Term memory
MCMC Markov chain Monte Carlo
MDP Markov Decision Processes
ML Machine Learning
MLP Multi-layer Perceptrons
NLP Natural Language Processing
NTM Neural Turing Machine
NEAT NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies
OLS Ordinary Least Squares Regression
PReLU Paramaterized ReLU
OCR Optical Character Recognition.
PCA Principal Component Analysis.
PAC-MDP Probably Approximately Correct in Markov Decision Processes
RTRL Real Time Recurrent Learning
ReLU Rectified Linear Unit
RNN Recurrent Neural Network
RNTNRecursive Neural Tensor Network
RL Reinforcement Learning
RVM Relevance Vector Machine
ResNet Residual Neural Network
RBM Restricted Boltzmann Machines
SIFT Scale-Invariant Feature Transform
SRN Simple Recurrent Network
SVD singular value decomposition
SGD Stochastic Gradient Descent
SVM Support Vector Machine
SANE Symbiotic Adaptive NeuroEvolution
TF TensorFlow
TFIDF Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency
VLAD Vector of Locally Aggregated Descriptors
WFST Weighted Finite-State Transducers